![]() Microgravity has been proven to inhibit the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes, affect the expression of cell surface molecules, and inhibit the movement and killing function of lymphocytes. Therefore, increasingly more studies are now focusing on the effects of the microgravity environment on immune cells. Immune cells are abnormally sensitive to the microgravity environment, which affects their normal function and makes astronauts susceptible to various diseases. further confirmed that the changes in immune system function brought by space flight were mainly due to the microgravity environment. The dysregulation of the immune system has been observed in both short-term and long-term space missions. Clinical data from 46 crew members on the International Space Station (ISS) showed that allergic reactions such as rhinitis and skin rashes were observed in many crew members. ![]() also found that spleen and thymus masses were reduced in post-flight mice. found the dysplasia of lymphoid organs (the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus) in rats that had undergone space flight. Conjunctivitis, upper respiratory tract infections, influenza, viral gastroenteritis, rhinitis and mild skin diseases have occurred during space flight. Bacterial or viral infections occurred in more than half of the astronauts on the Apollo mission, the first human mission to space in 1969. found that the retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor (RLR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways necessary for antiviral innate immunity were significantly inhibited in a microgravity environment, resulting in a dysfunctional antiviral immune response. It has been reported that the immune system is one of the most severely affected systems during space flight, and an impaired immune system can pose a serious threat to the health of astronauts. The human immune system has the functions of immune surveillance, defence and regulation, and plays an important role in recognizing and resisting pathogenic microorganisms it coordinates with other systems of the body to maintain the stability and physiological homeostasis of the body's internal environment. These findings all indicate that changes in the gravitational environment can have important effects on the health of astronauts. Ultimately, this manifests as changes in tissues, organs, systems or even whole biological individuals. Cells can convert the mechanical signal of changes in external gravity into intracellular biochemical signals, which results in the initiation of downstream signalling cascades, thereby affecting the shape, size and function of cells. Gravity plays an important role in regulating the dynamic homeostasis of tissues and cells, and it is the cells that undergo the most obvious changes when exposed to microgravity. Cogoli and Tschopp proposed, for the first time, that the change of gravity was the main cause of the damage to the human body caused by the space environment in the space mission carried out in 1983. The most important challenge that human beings face in the process of space exploration is determining how to adapt to the space environment, including microgravity, pressure, ionizing radiation and claustrophobia, all of which can cause certain damage to the human physiological state, such as an impaired immune system, bone loss, muscle atrophy, etc. With the development of human science and technology, space flight has become a reality. This review will provide not only new directions and ideas for the study of immune cell function in the microgravity environment, but also an important theoretical basis for the development of immunosuppression prevention and treatment drugs for spaceflight. to target cell proliferation, apoptosis and impaired function are summarized. Furthermore, the existing methods by which to reverse the damage of immune cells caused by microgravity, such as the use of polysaccharides, flavonoids, other natural immune cell activators etc. The possible molecular mechanisms are also analysed to provide a clear understanding of the specific role of microgravity in the whole development process of immune cells. Previous reports have mainly summarized the role of microgravity in the classification of innate and adaptive immune cells, lacking an overall grasp of the laws that microgravity effects on immune cells at different stages of their entire developmental process, such as differentiation, activation, metabolism, as well as function, which are discussed and concluded in this review. ![]() Immune cells are exceptionally sensitive to changes in gravity and the microgravity environment can affect multiple aspects of immune cells through different mechanisms. The microgravity environment experienced during spaceflight severely impaired immune system, making astronauts vulnerable to various diseases that seriously threaten the health of astronauts. ![]()
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